What's
the matter with Mechanized Infantry?
WHAT
MECH-INFANTRY SHOULD BE:
Good,
light infantry that fights from their tracked armored fighting vehicle
(illustration is missing gunshields) that can dismount before or after the
objective to finish the enemy off. Small 1-man autocannon turret weaponry not
so over-powering that the infantry cannot fight from their own vehicle....
WHAT
MECH-INFANTRY SHOULD NOT BE:
TOTALLY
BUTTONED UP IN THE BACK AND CLUELESS: "Bradley Disease"
ASLEEP
IN THE BACK, NOT ALERT AND BEHIND GUNSHIELDS: "LAV/Stryker ease"
Look at this
atrocious picture of marines rolling into Kosovo in a LAV-Mortar carrier! This
is "MECH-infantry disease" in action! In KOSOVO! When its supposed to
"count" and be for "real"..as you can see you fight as you
train...
1. No face paint camouflage, excellent aimpoint for gunmen/snipers
2. Weapons sling not taped or
camouflaged
3. No gloves or camo on
hands, more aimpoints
4. No camouflage band on
helmet or camouflage
5. Buddy sitting on ass in
vehicle not covering a sector
6. Vehicle Commander with LBE
draped over top hatch so it cannot close in event of shell bursts, Molotov
Cocktails or grenades being tossed in
7. Unloaded Medium Machine
Gun, no gloves
8. People too close, can
easily ambush vehicle
9. Noone with mine rollers
checking ahead for mines, demolitions bombs
10. Bonehead has first aid
kit clipped precariously to side of butt pack
11. No camouflage on CVC helmet, probably without
ballistic shell. Sun, Wind Dust Goggles (SWDGs) not covered to prevent
shine.
12. Vehicle itself not sandbagged or camouflaged
An Army NCO writes:
"Mike, thank you for your
timely reply.
I agree with you on several
points.
...I agree we do need to add
mobility to the infantry but at the same time advise caution. I had the
unfortune of being in light units that went mech. Suddenly the whole focus
became Bradley's and all training was relagated to the motor pool. NCO's and
Officers suddenly thought they were tankers. All PT stopped... All Dismounted
training stopped. The Sniper, Pathfinder and Ranger schools came last down a
long list of table 8 scores, maintenance and UCOFT qualifications. The moral,
discipline and standards went to hell very rapidly. A lot of the NCO's,
Officers and EM's that came into the unit had never done ANY ground tactical
training or PT since Boot Camp. The problem is that over time and every PCS
these folks always found themselves back in the track. Any mech unit knew that
to succeed in peace-time they had to put the most experienced in the Bradley.
These folks had no idea even how to integrate their own dismounts due to the
fact that they had never been one. Unless a sound, competent and very enforced
policy is put into place this would happen to the Airborne and Light forces
over time."
His words have been proven true.
Discussing this issue further in my BFV unit, I get the following idea that
seems to dominate everything we do:
"Let's fully man the BFV
crews THEN we will do dismounted training".
The funny thing is, after 2 years the
BFVs are still not fully manned and we never seem to get around to dismounted
maneuver training.
The idea that we should have a
mounted-only focus kills dismounted training from ever happening by driving
away those that are capable of being dismounted infantry and negatively
affecting the minds of the leaders who remain into a mounted-only mentality. When
you as a policy, a mentality or a mindset say "vehicle first" you
automatically place dismounted maneuver "second" and this kills the
life-blood, warrior spirit of the infantry which is men using their bodies as
the vehicle to close with and kill the enemy. Our young men sign up to be
infantrymen not tankers; when they find out that if they stick around they will
become tankers (BFV crewmen) they leave. If our pipeline was coming from Fort
Knox, perhaps it would be ok...but let's examine the BFV manning first idea....
1. What we have now
Let's say you man all 3 Platoons with a
3-man crew and all the BFVs are empty except for about 15 men who haven't gone
to 11M school or are trained in the turret. So what do you do? For years at a
time those in the BFV lose whatever dismounted skills they have, perhaps
pick-up a mounted mentality and the orphans with no training program for them
get stuck doing shit details to support BFV Gunnery evolutions. Soon these
folks are gone and a few in the BFV's crew positions leave unfulfilled never
getting to do infantry tasks and we have a repetitive cycle where we never get
enough people to have a "winning team".
2. What if we had everyone we needed?
Let's play devil's advocate, let's say
we wiggled our noses and by magic we became fully BFV crew manned and dismount
manned. Most Army BNs went from old M113A2 Gavins to BFVs with over 100%
strength----so it actually did happen. When the BN started BFV NET it was fully
manned. So the fully manned BFV unit goes to training, its a BFV Gunnery
evolution. The primary crews get qualified, what happens next? The dismounts
stand around and watch because we have decided to make our lives easy and
conduct only one type of training per day or drill weekend for the NG or for
the entire year. Never mind that while these people stood around they could be
doing EIB tasks or doing
land nav lanes or battle drills. Those in charge don't want this training to
happen (yet) because we don't have enough time for them to supervise it which
cannot happen if they are busy qualifying on some myriad of BFV tasks. If some
time remains, certainly not enough to set up a different type of training
(dismounted maneuver tasks) the dismounts are placed into BFV crew positions
and shoot for "familiarization" because in case of combat, the BFV
crew member gets taken out and they might need to fill in. The drill weekend's
time is up.
Where is the dismounted maneuver
training?
When does it ever happen?
When will the dismounted maneuver
element EVER get up to speed and running?
It will not.
BFV gunnery and vehicle tasks will eat
up whatever time/resources are left.
The solution: do two things at the same
time
The only way it will work is we have to
do TWO TYPES OF TRAINING at the same time. It will take more work, more effort.
You have to SIMULTANEOUSLY train dismounted maneuver elements and mounted
elements and bring the two together to do it right. I know many who are not up
to this task, they'd rather show up for drill, do PMCS and drive/gun a BFV, hit
the barracks, get drunk in town, return next day, PMCS..wash rack go home. I'm
not saying I'm against being anti-fun. But if we let baser instincts dominate,
the opportunities for "fun" will be limited to just goofing off. Foot
infantry stuff can be FUN, but you have to do it enough so you are not getting
blisters on your feet and be in physical condition so those phermones kick in
so it becomes fun. Throw in pyro and you have a kick-ass unit that is at 100%
stength plus. BECAUSE WE ARE CHANGING PEOPLE FOR THE BETTER. PEOPLE IN AN
INFANTRY UNIT ARE CHANGED IN A GOOD WAY, THEY WALK AWAY FROM TRAINING FEELING
EXCITED AND MOTIVATED ABOUT HAT THEY DID. WE ARE CHALLENGING THEM PHYSICALLY IF
THEY ARE DISMOUNTING AND DOING FULL MANEUVER TASKS. If they sit in a BFV all
day eating MREs and smoking they are NOT getting better and stronger. This
training outlook is proven effective as can be seen from our simpler-vehicle
M113A2 Gavin past. But if we keep "pounding our heads against the metal
hulls of our BFVs" demanding that we fill them up first, we will kill the
human spirit needed to be dismounted maneuver infantry.
In my life I have been on three,
"winning teams". First was in High School Wrestling, the second was
in the Mc Reserves and the NG at NTC in M113s as OPFOR. In all 3 situations
they as organizations decided BY CHOICE that they "had enough people"
and went from there. Surprisingly they actually were short-handed but the
people came. They became "fully manned" or they won with what they
had and they won championships.
On the other hand, I have been in many
outfits where they constantly said they didn't have enough people to act like
or become champions. And they never got them, either.
The moral of this is we have to stop
using the "not enough people" thing as an excuse to not live up to
Army standards and be the champions we want to be. If we would take what we
have and start doing it right by mandating that we have BOTH a mounted and a
dismounted training PLAN with equal Battalion Command emphasis we will keep our
people and mold them into the end-state we want---a true infantry-centric Mechanized
Infantry unit. We have to decide to value dismounted infantry maneuver just as
much as BFV Gunnery even if higher headquarters doesn't.
Otherwise we will continue to have
empty BFVs, empty units from those dismount slots not filled and eventually the
BN will be disbanded for failing to fill its ranks.
We have given the "fill the BFV
crews first, then do dismount training" idea at least 3 if not 4 years. It
has failed, does an Infantry Battalion in a budget-cutting era have the luxury
of another 3-4 years to continue to fail with this policy, dying a slow death
by mediocrity? Clearly, DRASTIC changes are needed.
When I mean DRASTIC I mean the kind
where you order Soldiers to do the things we need to do to be champions and if
they refuse to carry them out in spirit and letter, confront them with this.
Some feelings are going to be hurt, because despite our aversion in the 2000s
of saying this, people can be WRONG. This is not a matter where we can gently
"steer" the Battalion into the right direction. There are people,
perhaps even many who simply do not wantt o do it. You can't just do token or
half-ass dismounted infantry maneuver training, because either you open the
vault and lift/sign out for the rifles, machine guns and NVGs and place
camouflage on your body and equipment and start walking through the woods along
mapped training areas previously secured or it doesn't happen. It can't be
pencil-whipped. The dismounted training either is done or its not, and to do
both simultaneously will take more work from not enough people. Its too easy to
have Company Commanders use the time/resources and its "too tough"
excuse box to veto the transformation and have the dismount training "not
happen". The result is Soldiers "not showing up for drill"
because they are tired of standing around the drill center wiping down clean
weapons or cutting the grass all day for entire weekends when they could be
doing dismounted battle drills, EIB
tasks, ruck marches, shooting in the indoor range with NVGs etc. For this kind
of training to occur, there has to be a BATTALION POLICY AND MANDATED DISMOUNT
MANEUVER TRAINING PLAN IN EFFECT with a "point man" IN THE COMPANY
who attends training meetings who has by Battalion authority the power to
execute FULL dismounted maneuver training or it will simply not take place. He
could be termed an "Infantry Master Tactician" (IMT) who would be a
dismounted version of a BFV "Master Gunner".
Let's make no mistake about this. In
the National Guard we have an average Soldier age in the 30s. This is not hard
to see resulting in a gravitation towards the "mounted mentality".
Older guys simply do not want to dismount. That's ok as long as this
"mounted mafia" stays in their BFVs and doesn't make the young guys
who want to dismount leave the unit by the general lack of vigor that results
from having nothing to do tactically when away from the BFVs if the mounted
mindset trumps all. We have many new, young Soldiers in the Army NG, it would
be a shame if we lose them to the mounted malaise. The excuses for not doing
dismounted training range from "the IG inspection" to "CTT"
or "we have to catch up on paperwork". The mounted mentality Soldier
NEVER seems to find the time to train for dismounted tasks especially since he
lives under the "Let's fully man BFV crews THEN we will do dismounted
training" cloud hanging over his head.
For example, we just got brand-new
M16A2 5.56mm rifles which we cleaned even though they were not dirty, only
being fired from the factory. We wasted an entire drill weekend on this
baby-sitting task because we simply didn't want to expend the effort to do
dismounted maneuver training. And the men's attitude? "These are
hand-me-downs from another Company". This is outrageous! Here they are
with a Colt-made, never been field fired, brand-new, best Assault Rifle in the
world and noone is talking it up. Noone is giving them a class on their
improved features over the M16A1, we have castigated them as hand-me-downs. And
no, an E5 can't stop and give a hip-pocket class on the M16A2 while they are
being cleaned because someone who is an E6 and above has to walk by and be a
kill-joy and say, "SGT we have to get these weapons cleaned for the IG
inspection, we will have classes on the M16A2 later". "Later"
never comes. "Go along to get along" means mounted mentality
mediocrity. It means don't change the laid-back status quo, stand by and watch
our BN die a slow death. If "later" does come its the day of annual
rifle qual and everyone is confused about the 3/8 rear elevation drum setting
problem and worried about not qualified......then they will say; "Don't
tell us about that, just tell us about the proper BZO procedures"...what's
lost is the full appreciation and understanding of this fine weapon and the
skill to fully use it....Why? Its all about getting by with the MINIMUMs and
not achieving MAXIMUMs. Maximum takes maximum effort. Champions do everything
they can TODAY to get squared away.
To be frank, there may be leadership in
the NG/Active Army BFV community that doesn't want to train or fight
dismounted, period. Because when you do make this training happen, you have to
be forceful to overcome inertia and they resent it and try to use minutae about
"procedures not being followed" or "you are pissing people
off" as reasons to veto the training by personal attack. Of course
dismount training pisses people off!----they simply do not want to get out of
the BFV. This is the bottom line. Some colored by their experiences in the open
in Desert Storm are seduced by the 25mm chain gun as the solution to every
battlefield problem. They see life in a BFV unit as an easy life where the BFV
does the work. You come along and remind them in closed terrain places like
Korea, JRTC or Iraq their BFV chain gun will NOT dominate, and dismounted
infantry action will, and they are upset. Of course they are! You can't eat
MREs and smoke all day in the BFV if you armed to the teeth ready to dismount
or are already operating away from the BFV.
Everyone says they want to be
champions. Few are willing to do what it takes to become champions. It requires
STRUGGLE, this means stepping on toes at times, it means sweat, it means
cuts/scrapes and bruises as you push the "envelope". Doing minimums
and being in a comfort zone will not get anyone to a championship level. War is
a life/death struggle where the winners survive, the losers die or are maimed.
For our BFV Battalions to continue to exist it they have to be a champion as
laid-back mediocrity has already killed many NG units. In challenging times,
short handed it needs to decide to elevate dismounted maneuver training as a
way of life by BATTALION POLICY AND SEPARATE TRAINING PLAN THAT CANNOT BE
VETOED AT COMPANY LEVEL. Perhaps consolidate all BN dismounted training if the
BN drill on the same weekends? Somehow through OPD/NCOPD
we need to cure the mounted warfare mentality, perhaps mandating officers and
NCOs read books like B.H. Lidell-Hart's Strategy and John English's On
Infantry. Ranger School and Light Leaders Courses and perpetual BN EIB
training/testing would be even better.
A U.S. Army tactical analyst writes:
"Shift in focus...
Have you been following Force XXI and the Operations and Organizational Concept
for the Conservative Heavy Division (CHD) coming out of Leavenworth? In my
opinion, it is a blueprint for disaster.
Having read the draft 9 page
concept, I see absolutely NOTHING new in it when compared to the June 1990
edition of FM 71-100, Division Operations. Sure, they have changed all the
words and made up a bunch of new terms, but there is nothing new or innovative
anywhere in it. The information warfare piece can much more readily be
overlayed onto the existing division structure without any significant redesign
needed.
The 'innovation' of dispersed
operations, having our troops scattered all over the place and converging on
the enemy on order, is nothing new, either. It presumes that we have
information dominance and know exactly where the enemy is (and by inference, is
not). Kind of like the Germans assuming the rear areas in Ukraine and Poland
were secure in 1942-44. We tried it in Vietnam, too. Battle of Ia Drang, I
believe, where our troops got ambushed while returning to the LZs. Now, if you
DO believe that our technical capability is adequate to locate the enemy, then
we can save lots of manpower by eliminating the Armored Cavalry Regiment, the
Divisional Cavalry Squadron, and the battalion Scout Platoons. You can also
reduce the number of tank battalions, since you can kill the enemy with smart
artillery and do not need to close any more. If, onthe other hand, you doubt
our technical capability to positively locate the enemy, then the whole effort
is moot.
'Velocity management' of repair
parts and consolidation of maintenance at higher levels is bogus, also. It is
real simplistic to talk about repair parts being delivered almost instantly to
the vehicle crew, but it overlooks the obvious. Someone has to troubleshoot the
malfunction and determine the appropriate component to be replaced. Someone has
to physically replace the defective component. Now, it is really nice to talk
about self-diagnostic sytems that self-troubleshoot and self-isolate faults,
but they are not out there, yet. Nor will we retrofit such capability into
existing systems (tanks, APCs, trucks, HMMWVs, generators, tank & pump
units, etc., etc.). So what's the point of talking about something that will
not exist?
Well, if the leadership really
wants to pursue CHD and Force XXI, we are in big trouble. It's a shame that the
process has degenerated to this. Nobody seems to care, let alone understand,
existing doctrine before going off on these gee whiz excursions."
A U.S. Army Infantry Captain writes:
"I will
always think of Mech Infantry as having grunts-in-the-trunk. They spend a lot
of time driving around pretending they are tankers and they never want to let
the grunts out of the back. I was a light guy I never wanted to be treated as
cargo."
2-MAN TURRET SMOTHERS INFANTRY IN THE
BACK: TYPE "A" PERSONALITIES LEAVE UNIT BECAUSE THEY DON'T WANT TO BE
SECURITY GUARDS FOR TANKS
A British Army vehicle patrols the center of Basra, southern Iraq (news - web
sites), after gunmen loyal to radical Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr attacked
British patrols and government buildings, Saturday, May 8, 2004, a day after an
al-Sadr aide offered worshippers money for capturing or killing coalition
Soldiers. (AP Photo/Nabil Al-Jurani)
Before the advent of
the medium-heavy Bradley, America's Army had a VERY GOOD light mechanized
infantry in M113 Gavin light tracked AFVs. The mistake was not maximizing M113
Gavins and supplying them to the Army's light infantry units through a
transportation battalion or the Delta
Weapons companies in every infantry battalion. The Gavin doesn't have a
large 2-man turret that forces the dismounts in back to stay buttoned up due to
converns that concussion from the 25mm gun or its barrel swinging into them if
they stand up through the open top rear troop hatch. When units converted from
M113 Gavins to Bradleys, many of the aggressive, Type-A personalities left
because they soon found it unworkable to see what's going on through just
narrow vision periscopes and didn't want to be second-class citizens to the
"turret mafia" who want to fight the BFV as a tank. Tragically, the
USMC is making the exact same mistake as the Bradley with their oversized,
overpowering 30mm turret they are putting on the AAAV.
There is a turret combat over-ride
switch in the BFV turret to enable the 25mm gun to fire if top hatches are open
and traverse. We have seen 1st Cavalry Division BFVs with troops standing up
through the top rear troop hatch in Iraq to get better surveillance
capabilities. But t shouldn't have taken COMBAT to get this TTP in use. The
British Army has discovered they need the dismounts fighting out from the top
rear troop hatches of their Warrior MICVs in Iraq, too (see photos above) to
prevail on the non-linear battlefield (NLB) where the enemy can attack in any
direction at any time. However, these are ad hoc, expedient measures that
should have been done in peacetime training so laser tag instead of real deaths
would have optimized the practice with fold-down gunshields. The BFV top rear
troop hatch can be set in an upright position to act as a rear gunshield and to
stop the 25mm gun barrel from hitting the troops if the turret crew should
traverse too far. The turret crew will have to be careful where they traverse
and only fire the 7.62mm co-ax until they can alert the dismounts to button up
through one of the latter's headset via the intercom. Its not ideal but better
than being buttoned up and having vigilance limited to just where the eyes of
the turret crew are facing.
The ultimate answer to the BFV's
infantry smothering is to REPLACE THE 2-MAN TURRET WITH A 1-MAN TURRET so the
BFV can be commanded by the infantry in the back which we discuss below. To
regain a true light mech infantry that can fully maneuver by aircraft, swim, go
cross-country at will, we need to upgrade our M113 Gavin light tracks with
extra armor, ACAV-type gunshields and supply them to our light troops.
Moreover, EVERY BRADLEY MECHANIZED INFANTRY BATTALION HAS OVER 23 x M113 GAVIN
LIGHT TRACKS, ENOUGH TO LEAVE THEIR BFVS HOME AND GO "LIGHT MECH" IF
THE SITUATION DICTATES. The infantry in a BFV mechanized infantry unit should
NOT see themselves wed to their BFVs but be willing and train to be very able
at fighting on foot and in their lighter M113 Gavins if air-transportability,
amphibious capability and all-terrain agility are needed for the mission due to
enemy, terrain, troops, time etc. All this takes is some flexibility of mind in
the leaders of these units.
All anyone has to do is visit any of
the U.S. Army's 6 active duty heavy divisions and they will see that 50% of the
entire unit rides in M113 Gavins. You'd have to go to Iraq to see the 1st
Cavalry and 1st Infantry Division's Gavins in action. 1,300 Gavins are IN
COMBAT TODAY IN IRAQ.
IF IT WORKS AND ITS NOT OLD, THEN DON'T
CALL IT "OLD"
Let's ask our readers a question.
Where are the M48 medium tanks now?
Scrapped or in a museum.
Where are the M41 Walker Bulldogs, M551
Sheridans, M151 jeeps?
Same place, scrapped. Museums except
for a few locations/users. Gone. Bye-Bye. History.
Where are M113 Gavins?
M113 Gavins are in COMBAT right NOW in
the THOUSANDS all over the world, in the middle east, the far east. The desert.
Swamps, jungles, urban, mountains. Dropped by parachutes, lifted by
helicopters. Swimming across lakes, rivers and with waterjet kits even oceans.
M113 Gavins ain't just "history" they are current events. They are
our future due to the enduring nature of modern land combat which M113 Gavins
are its master because the need for air-transportable, all-terrain, tracked
armored mobility that is simple to operate and maintain against enemy small
arms fire never goes away.
No armored combat vehicle has ever been
as successful as the M113 Gavin in 5 decades of war; other than the B-52 and
C-130 is there anything like it? Vietnam, Sinai, Lebanon, Thailand, Fulda Gap,
Korea, Entebbe, Panama, Saudi Arabia, East Timor, Iraq....the list goes on and
on. In fact, the M113 Gavin as a ground vehicle made of thick metal that
doesn't age will be operable long after structural fatigue grounds B-52s and
C-130 aircraft from safely flying. M113 Gavins can and will last forever as
long as human beings with even modest industrial means exist.
What we need to do in the time and
cash-strapped U.S. Army is BUILD ON THIS WINNER, the M113 Gavin which we have
13,000---stretch the hull by 1 roadwheel, change the engines to hybrid-electric
drive, employ band tracks, add infared thellie camouflage, RPG and roadside
bomb resistant spaced armor, a 1-man 30mm autocannon turret, waterjets and bow
on some operating from RO-RO sealift ships for self-delivery across the beach,
others with ACAV/IDF style gunshields all around as a non-linear urban combat
vehicles. Parachute them with the Airborne and Air Assault them with the
Screaming Eagles. America's Army needs the FULL capabilities of
"M113A4" Gavins exploited NOW with a less than $1 million per vehicle
make-over not fantasy future combat systems (FCS) that in 2012 we will suddenly
discover come at an unaffordable $10 million each so the whole idea is scrapped
or bought in irrelevant handfuls as the light units of our army continue to
fight and die on foot and in vulnerable HMMWV wheeled trucks.
Details:
www.geocities.com/equipmentshop/m113combat.htm
THE MINDSET OF A TANKER, MISSION OF A
GRUNT? = DISASTER
Bradley in Iraq: Where are all the dismounts?
The men above have described in a
"nutshell", what I call "Mech infantry disease". I could
never understand why if you take a light infantry squad and ADD an Armored
Fighting Vehicle (AFV) to them, why we end up with LESS fighting power from
them? You should have MORE.
As being Mech-infantry at one time, I
know why. First, what happens is the guys with a vehicle to carry their stuff,
stop living "light". They start taking coolers and their rucks are
not ready to go. The AFV becomes their "RV" of sorts. Next, you have
the nature of the armored fight where deep down inside, the tankers do not want
to stop and have the Mech-infantry dismount, they want them to stay mounted and
fight there. Now that the Bradley A2 model's firing ports are covered up
by extra armor panels, the infantry "squad" in back sits inside doing
nothing because noone is willing to open the top hatch for them to stand up and
face out with their weapons like you can in a M113A3 Gavin out of fear the M2 Bradley
turret will spin around and kill them. The Bradley is actually a Medium
tank...with a few infantry in back. It weighs the same as a M4 Sherman
tank from WWII: 33 tons. Thus, they are blind "cargo" as the Captain
said. Then you throw in the disdain the light fighters have towards the Mech
guys, and you have a less than ideal situation...but one that can be corrected
with LEADERSHIP.
These guys are great Soldiers, they just need better leadership. What we end up
with is ARMORED INFANTRY to support the advance of tanks ("Security Guards
for tanks"), instead of MECHANIZED IINFANTRY which defeats enemy forces in
its own right by seizing terrain and/or destroying enemy forces by INFANTRY
action.
LEADERSHIP DRIVEN BY MODERN BATTLEFIELD
REALITIES
This all needs to change.
The Need to dismount
A former Army officer has wrote me on
dismount training and he brings out a point about muscle memory and how if our
bodies get used to "cacooning" in the vehicle it will be THIS ACTION
that gets done during a high-stress situation.
The BFV exists to deliver its infantry
ON FOOT to the fight. In closed terrain, infantry ON FOOT leads BFVs, and tanks
(JRTC, jungles, former Yugoslavia etc). Fighting mounted using firing port
weapons IS an option, but only against light resistance that we are moving
through and bypassing.
"I wrote that after looking at
your map reading page. I could tell by what you wrote and how you arranged it
that the problems you are having and the ones I dealt with were very similar.
I've coached football for a lot of
years and have a pretty good reputation for teaching offensive lineman (
usually the least physically gifted kids) how to compete successfully. I go to
clinics (football teaching skills) whenever I can and the methods I use were
the ones my father used with my brother. At the time there were no names for a
lot of this stuff. Now terms like muscle memory are popular. I always catch
things on the discovery channel about special ops units using Immediate action
drills to improve there skills. These are simply muscle memory drills. This was
discovered (in the scientific sense) by the Soviets. That's why they train
there Soldiers and athletes the way they do.
Everything is a drill. We should be
doing the same. I remember so clearly how tank crews were so efficient in there
gunnery skills but tactically unable to do anything but frontal assaults. No
practice was the problem and I couldn't get any of my officers to understand
that it takes the same kinds of repetition as gunnery to be good. Its a sad
thing to admit but I always thought I could whip the U. S. Army pretty easily.
If you remember the link I sent you about the Soviets in Chechnya it talked
about the Russian infantry not getting out of there AFV's and being barbecued
alive inside.
I used to watch our own Mechanized INF.
and see them basically as passengers who would suffer the same fate. They have
to train to get out at every opportunity. The problem was the the TC's. They
wouldn't allow there troops to get out of the vehicles because they didn't want
to leave anyone behind and it took some time to get them all loaded up after
they get out. The problem is they're creating a muscle memory disaster. I
recently read something in my readings about an enlisted marine who wanted to
thank an officer who had saved him and his unit in WW2 by forcing them to get
off the Beach. What caught my attention was him stating that they had been
"TOLD, over and over to get off the beach, because that's where the most
danger was". Well you can tell someone all you want but when the time
comes and the stress is ripping you apart It's the action you practiced that
you will perform. Even if it's inaction.
Something to remember about muscle
memory. I hammer this into my kids all the time. It takes 300 repetitions for
there to be short term muscle memory present and as many as 3000 for it to be
permanent. If you do something 500 hundred times and you will achieve optimum
efficiency. It takes as few as three times of doing something wrong to confuse
your neural pathways and slow your speed. So many of the people I taught to
read maps learned to read maps wrong to start with. That's why I used ( an Use)
repetition and drill to undo what they had learned. The important thing is to
place your drills where it will have the most effect. For instance the marines
should have practiced disembarking from there landing craft and getting off the
beach over and over. I would never have allowed them ( not even once) to get
out of that landing craft and not get up the beach.
That's the part they should've
practiced. I'll bet they practiced getting in to the landing craft more than
anything. That's the part most officers saw and probably considered most
important. I would have made it difficult and dangerous to get off the beach
and we would do it a thousand times a week. I would permanately anchor a
landing craft on the beach and drop the ramp and have them charge up the beach
day after day after day. I would change the obstacles in front of the landing
craft all the time and make it as stressful as possible. I would also make sure
they always got at least 500 meters inland. I would do it at night, with live
fire, carrying hundred pound rucks and carrying casualties. It would be
absolutely brutal. There would be no need for aerobic
conditioning when I was done.
Simple things like unloading wounded
from Bradley's have to be practiced by everyone. I watched the Germans doing
this and suggested we practice doing it also. The results were disastrous. We
almost killed the man posing as the casualty. My Plt. leader looked for manuals
on how to accomplish it and wasn't able to get his hand on one. Finally a medic
who had been in the 11th Cav showed us how to do it. We spent some time doing
it and got pretty good after a short time. That's how I would start my lesson.
Tell them we have to practice this for the ones that don't want to get out of
there vehicles. Because under fire it's more than likely the only way we'll get
you out."
The need for light Armored
Fighting Vehicles in light divisions so they are no longer a "them"
but an "us"
First the superb M113A3 Gavin
Armored Fighting Vehicle.
www.geocities.com/equipmentshop/m113combat.htm
...with its RPG and auto-cannon
resistant applique' armor attached needs to be provided in about a dozen
vehicles each to every U.S. Army Light Infantry Division instead of a dozen
FMTV trucks that weigh exactly the same: 22,000 pounds. This vehicle allows the
Soldiers to stand up and fire weapons as the vehicle moves, see the battlefield
and dismount with an idea where they are going. This would give light divisions
the "punch" they need ORGANIC to them so they can train with them and
be ready, and not have them denied as the Rangers
were not supplied with AFVs in Somalia. The air-droppable, heli-transportable M113A3 Gavin in the force structure of the
Airborne/Air Assault and Light infantry Divisions is critical as a
firing/transport platform to maximize the revolutionary capabilities of the
zero firing signature, self-guiding Javelin
Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM).
Next, in ALL MECH-Infantry units videos
of the current generation of signature-less Russian anti-tank guided missiles
needs to be viewed so they realize the "Sagger drill" upon
muzzle flash will in the future not work. There will be no muzzle flash. The
only thing you will see will be the missile creaming your vehicle. Thus, MECH
infantry will need to clear out possible ATGM firing positions ahead of the M1
MBT tankers by advance detection using forward looking infared (FLIR) devices
like the Dragon
ATGM night tracker or Javelin Command Launch Unit (CLU) sight, the former is
too heavy to hump and gets left in the arms room doing nothing, and good
patrolling skills. MECH infantry units need to be fully manned with dismounts,
and the Javelins placed in a 6 x M113A3 platoon force organic to the infantry
battalion as proposed by LTC Martin Stanton in the
Jan-Feb 1998 Infantry magazine.
To get the latter, we need a better,
more tactically oriented Infantry AIT taught by a Combat/Survival cadre not
drill sergeants from a One-Station Unit Training parade ground drill &
ceremony mindset.
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/fixait.htm
This would deliver, a tactically ready,
Soldier able to step in from day one at an Infantry unit and contribute to the
fight, not require in-house training from scratch as takes place now. The
Soldiers need to learn how to "self-start" and educate themselves to
master individual skills by preparing for and earning their Expert
Infantryman's Badge (EIB) at the www web site:
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/9063
Their Squad Leaders need to attend a
Combat Leaders Course put on by their division:
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/squadleadertraining.htm
Next, the realization that we no longer
"own the night". We must practice the
stand-off attack, where the noisy vehicles stop short of the target outside of
enemy detection range as the assault force speed marches at
4-7 mph on foot (like IDF Paratroops or our own Darby's Rangers in WWII)
along routes secured first by security elements with "eyes on" the
target for days beforehand....to close in on the enemy to assault him. Once the
shooting starts, the AFVs close in and provide direct fire support.
There are a host of enhancements that
can be done to improve the Bradley IFV at the unit level; strap painted and
sandbag bottomed ladders to their sides will facilitate urban assault tactics
at unpredictable spots on buildings. The weapons squad needs Carl Gustav 84mm Recoilless Rifles to bolster urban
combat firepower. Called M3 "RAAWS", Carl Gustavs are used solely by
Rangers. Details for these enhancements can be found:
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/urbanarmor.htm
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/carlgustav.htm
One thing United Defense (makers of the
BFV and M113A3 Gavin) and the Army needs to do is to REPLACE THE BFV's turret!
This is the source of the "disease" that places vehicular
lust-to-be-a-tank, and training focus on the BFV's weaponry instead of the
infantry inside.
One turret does it all? The unobtrusive
gun/missile turret
M2A2 BFVs can only carry 7 dismounts so
imagine trying to spread 3 x 9 man squads over 4 x BFVs....
A M2A2 BFV weighs 33 tons.
If you removed the turret the best we
figure is you save 3 tons of weight.
3 x 30-ton BFVs = 90 tons or 180,000
pounds, exceeds the 170,000 pound limit for the C-17.
You could remove the side skirts and
lose maybe another 2 tons per vehicle, so you'd be at 174,000 probably do-able.
As you know its easier to add armor to
5 x M113A3 Gavins to exceed BFV protection levels than to strip down BFVs and
get them light enough to fly 3 at-a-time in a C-17.
The old M2A0 BFVs only weighed 25 tons
and you could at 150,000 pounds fly them 3-at-a-time in a C-17 (just as many as
the bloated Lav3Stryker armored car). We still have old M2A0 BFVs running
around. I would propose we switch out their two-man turrets for the 1-man
AV-30mm turret with M230 30mm autocannon/.50 cal heavy machine gun as a
"Lightweight Bradley" infantry carrier that with the increased space
actually fit a 9-man infantry squad inside...just like we proposed in the 2nd edition
Air-Mech-Strike book except we now have a specific turret we want to do
this, not just plastic scale models.
The AIFV approach of cutting down the
rear troop area to fit firing ports and have the dismount squad leader
alongside the TC in his own cupola/hatch is used by Korea, Beligium, Italy is
another option.
The Singapore Army "ULTRA"
M113 has mounted on its roof a power-operated Rafael Armament Development
Authority Overhead Weapon Station (OWS), armed with a 25mm M242 Bushmaster
cannon and a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, with the gunner aiming the weapons via
a day/night sighting device located in the hull.
The Rafael OWS has been in volume
production for some years for installation on armoured fighting vehicles of the
IDF, as well as for many export customers such as Romania (armed with Oerlikon
Contraves 25mm cannon) fitted on the MLI-84, and Singapore (armed with 25mm
M242 cannon) mounted on an M113. As an option, an externally mounted anti-tank
guided missile can be fitted.
The standard vehicle provides
protection through a full 360 degrees against 7.62mm armour-piercing attack and
through a 30 degree frontal arc against 12.7mm attack. With the optional Rafael
passive add-on armour kit it has protection through a full 360 degree arc
against 12.7mm attack. Rafael has also developed a new hybrid add-on
insensitive explosive reactive armour pack which provides protection against
weapons such as the RPG-7 as well as 14.5mm armour-piercing attack.
The Raphael Remote Control Weapon
Station had been selected by the Canadian Armed Forces for installation on its
upgraded Bison and enhanced M113
series APC "T-LAVs". A lower profile version was evaluated for
the U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team .50 caliber Heavy Machine Gun application but
the Army for absurd reasons chose a remote weapon system from another company
that is so slow you could hand traverse a machine gun on a ball-bearing ring
mount faster.
Another option: the AV-30 High
Performance One-Man Turret
Legendary tanker and small arms expert
Stan Crist recently proposed M113 Gavins with AV-30 autocannon turrets in issue
#26 of Special Weapons for Military and Police magazine. He supplied 1st TSG
(A) with the following information and photos. Thanks, Stan!
The AV-30 turret is a growth version of
the Up-Gunned Weapon Station (UGWS II) turret which has been in production by
AV Technology for the U.S. marine corps' AAV-7s since 1988.
If the U.S. Army stopped wasting
$BILLIONS of taxpayer dollars on rubber-tired Stryker deathtraps it could
discover like the USMC an affordable 1-man turret upgrade that could be fitted
to create advanced M113A3/4 Gavin light and M2A4 Bradley medium infantry
fighting vehicles superior to anything else in the world. When the U.S. Army
decides to get serious about combat capabilities instead of Tofflerian/RMA computer technohubris
we might see common sense upgrades like AV-30 turrets on M113 Gavins.
AV Technology, LLC, has developed the
combination AV-30mm/12.7mm (.50 caliber heavy or 7.62mm machine gun) turret for
the world-wide market. Featuring a 30mm cannon, a day/night sight and high
performance digitally controlled stabilized drives, this turret offers a
substantial upgrade in firepower over other turrets in its class. The 30mm
ammunition family used on AH-64 Apaches and AV-8B Harrier IIs is extremely
powerful and long-ranged.
The high-performance turret drives,
produced by Lockheed Martin, features high accuracy, rapid acceleration and
smooth tracking. Combined with the turret's automated fire control suite, these
drives assure a high probabilty of first round hit, even while
shooting-on-the-move.
The former McDonnell Douglas (now
Alliant TechnoSystems--ATK) 30mm M230 autocannon in the primary armament. In
production for the U.S. Army AH-64 Apache attack helicopter program, this gun
provides a substantial increase in firepower and survivability to a broad range
of lightly armored vehicles, especially the M113 Gavin and M2 Bradley which
could optimize the AV-30 1-man turret because it would not smother the infantry squad riding in the back as takes
place with the overly large 2-man turret on the M2 Bradley.
The Kollsman Day/Night Range Sight
(DNRS) allows the acquistion of targets at extreme ranges. At night and in
inclement weather, the gunner has a view of the battlefield which is superior
to that of any comparaby priced FLIR or night vision technology.
GENERAL
* Standard Interface
* Weight combat ready: <2,350 pounds>
* Power: nominal 24vDC; max re. 150 amps, 30 amps under normal stabilization, 1
dome and 1 utility light
* Armor protection: standard NATO 7.62mm ball 0 degrees at 0 meters
* Optional 14.5mm HMG protection
OPTIONAL NBC
* Crew-served blower and filters
* Crew systems: 3-speed blower with C2 filter supplies M28 face mask
ENVIRONMENTAL
* Toxic gas compliant
* Heat: 130 degrees F; Cold: -30 degrees F
* Humid and wet conditions
* EMI shielded
* RAD hardened stabilization
ADDED FEATURES
* GPS available
* Standard AN/VRC-12 family of radios and intercom ready radios
* Smoke dischargers: M257, 8 ready rounds
* All ammo boxes fitted with low ammo sensors
FIRE CONTROL (Kollsman DNRS System)
STABILIZATION SYSTEM
* <.5 mrad accuracy>
* Two-speed system
* Digital computer control (standard Bradley system baseline)
* Three-Gyro control (hull reference not needed) * ABIT (Advanced Built-In
Test) standard
* Traverse speed: >60 degrees/second, <.05 mils/second>
* Elevation +45 degrees, -8 degrees depression
* Traverse: continuous
FIREPOWER
* Main armament: 30mm M230 Chain Gun,
175 ready rounds
* Co-ax 7.62mm medium Chain Gun, 440
ready rounds or: * Co-ax .50 cal (12.7mm), 200 ready rounds * 30mm penetration:
50mm (2 inches) RHA @ 2000 meters M789 HEDP
Andy MacDougall's 30mm Autocannon
Turret Proposal
NOTE: the picture dosn't show the second Javelin tube, which reduces the height
and allows "a second shot". The modified CLU/Combined Sighting Unit
then looks down the center of this triangle. Also mounting it above allows
greater depression of the gun tube, and full 360* traverse and so troops in the
top hatch can reload-on-the-move.
The gas-operated
ASP-30 autocannon fires with low-recoil and shock forces such that it can
be fired by the crewman unbuttoned---in other words his head can be outside the
turret. This is true for the M230 electrically-operated 30mm autocannon used on
the AV30 but the ASP-30mm is simpler and lighter so it can be removed and fired
on a tripod on the ground. This is why the ASP-30 is offered as a replacement
for the .50 cal HMG on M113A3 TC cupolas. The heavier (unable to fly by Army
helicopters) BFV's 25mm M252 high-velocity gun
is lethal to friendlies who have their heads out from concussion and noise
effects.
The ASP-30 will kill enemy personnel
carriers and infantry fighting vehicles as handily as the BFV's 25mm chain gun
can, ask AH-64A Apaches pilots from Desert Storm who have the M230 on their
aircraft.
http://www.atk.com/conmun/descriptions/medium-cal-ammo/lw30mm.htm
LW ASP-30 30mm Ammunition
Outstanding armor penetration and
fragmentation characteristics provide multi-role, multi-target capability
Alliant Techsystems provides the United
States and its allies with a multi-service family of lightweight 30mm (LW30mm)
ammunition. Developed and fielded for the electrically-fired M230 "chain
gun" on the AH-64 Apache helicopter, the ammunition is also fully
interoperable with the Boeing Phantom Works "ASP-30" gas-operated gun
system. Combat proven in operations Just Cause and Desert Storm, the LW30mm has
demonstrated excellent armor penetration at ranges from 150 to 4,000 meters,
effectively defeating the BMP fighting vehicle threat. Because of its light
weight, small volume, and moderate recoil, LW30mm ammunition is ideal for
helicopters, light ground vehsicles (such a the HMMWV),
and shipboard applications. Proven effective against light armor and materiel
targets, it provides suppressive firepower at ranges equal to those of the
Hellfire or TOW missile, making it the ammunition of choice for applications
requiring both armor defeat and wide-area lethality. The LW30mm ammunition
features a spin-compensated, shaped-charge liner, providing superior armor
defeat plus additional growth potential. It also incorporates a
high-performance, mechanical point-detonating fuze with impressive long-range
performance and graze sensitivity. Outstanding armor penetration, combined with
blast concussion and fragmentation characteristics, give the LW30mm ammunition
superior multi-role, multi-target capabilities.
A family of LW30mm ammunition consists
of two rounds: M789 High Explosive Dual Purpose (HEDP) and M788 Target Practice
(TP). A High-Exploive Incendiary Tracer is also being fielded. The M789 HEDP is
the main combat round. It has a heat-treated steel body loaded with 27 grams of
PBXN-5 explosive and a fluted copper shaped-charge liner. This advanced design
ensures superior performance against threat armored vehicles.
Alliant Techsystems designed and
developed the M759 fuze used on the HEDP round. Point-detonating, the M759
offers advanced performance features such as dual safety, longer arming delay,
shallow graze function, and greater long-range impact functioning.
The M788 TP is a low-cost,
ballistically matched, inert training round. It is produced from the same
quality materials and with the same exacting processes as the combat round.
NSN: 1305-01-268-7274/B129
1305-01-268-7274/B118
The Javelin
is a "fire & forget" missile that has no backblast--its
"soft launch". If anyone's head is out of the vehicle when the
Javelin fires, no problem. The Javelin missile at 35 pounds is difficult to
man-pack so various human powered mobility devices are being used like SKEDCO and ATACS.
However, a light tracked armored vehicle like the M113A3 Gavin with Javelin
mounting would protect gunners from enemy artillery fires and provide more
missiles to fire at higher ground speeds. A HMMWV/Javelin
mount has already been successfully fired and can be adapted to the M113A3 Gavin.
The Javelin kills tanks from the top-down, enemy helicopters or bunkers as the
missile guides itself on the heat signature--the vehicle doesn't have to be
stopped and the Gunner DOES NOT HAVE TO track the missile all the way to the
target, he fires and the missile guides itself all the way to the target. The
vehicle can be driven to "shoot" and then "scoot" to
protective cover or a different firing position. Javelin mounts for the HMMWV
4x4 truck fitted to designated M113A3s supplied to the "Delta" Companies of U.S. Army Airborne,
Air Assault and Light Infantry Divisions would give them mounted, armored
anti-tank and precision urban combat target destruction capabilities.
Both systems would be aimed by a
Forward Looking InfaRed (FLIR) sight.
You can see the pay-off----M113A3, Wiesel
2 and BFV infantry can have the top troop hatch OPENED so they can fire
their weapons and give greater vigilance and situational awareness than if they
are closed up in the back. If artillery fire is received, everyone buttons up
and the dismount infantry "see" with a large TV screen. Both the 30mm
and the Javelins can be fired without risk of infantry in the back being harmed
as the "blind" BFV set-up has us now.
We make the M113A3 (Infantry Battalions) and the Wiesel 2 or BV-206S M973A2 SUSV (RSTA)
as the baseline vehicles for the Army's new IBCTs and equip them with
30mm/Javelin turrets.
POSITIVE RIPPLE EFFECTS OF A SMALLER
BFV TURRET...
Smaller turrets will eliminate scenes like above where BFVs become defacto
medium-weight machine gun "female" tanks
THE SOUTH KOREANS HAVE IT RIGHT: AIFV
WITH AV30 30mm TURRET!
The solution is to put a new, smaller
one-man turret on the BFV that does not hinder the involvement of the infantry
in the back so they are not made into "second class citizens" or
abandoned as the primary maneuver element in the BFV Mechanized-Infantry
company. Armies that have already figured this out include; South Korea (see
AIFV photo above), Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Turkey, Pakistan....BFV units that
are infantry-centric will not have to be retrained for months for
JRTCs/Kosovos/Guerrillas-in-Iraqs yet can "kick-ass" if they fight
Desert Storms mech wars. They would not be spending endless hours in the motor
pool or flailing about on Table VIII gunnery. We propose a 1-man turret with
ASP-30 or M230 30mm autocannon with twin Javelin ATGMs as the answer. The
ASP-30 fires with low-recoil and shock forces such that it can be fired by the
crewman unbuttoned---in other words his head can be outside the turret. This is
why the ASP-30 is offered as a replacement for the .50 cal HMG on M113A3 TC
cupolas. The heavier (unable to fly by Army helicopters) BFV's 25mm M252 high-velocity gun is lethal to
friendlies who have their heads out from concussion and noise effects.
The ASP-30 will kill enemy personnel
carriers and infantry fighting vehicles as handily as the BFV's 25mm chain gun
can, ask AH-64A Apaches pilots from Desert Storm who have the M230 on their
aircraft.
The Javelin is a fire/forget missile
that has no backblast--its "soft launch". If anyone's head is out
when the Javelin fires, no problem. The Javelin can kill tanks from the
top-down, enemy helicopters or bunkers as the missile guides itself on the heat
signature--the vehicle doesn't have to be stopped and the Gunner tracks the
missile all the way to the target. The vehicle can "shoot" and then
"scoot" to protective cover or a different firing position.
Both systems would be aimed by a
Forward Looking InfaRed (FLIR) sight. The Commander would have a helmet-mounted
sight system to better perform vehicle command and gun tasks.
If you look at the picture, you see the
pay-off----M113A3, Wiesel 2 and BFV infantry can have the top troop hatch
OPENED so they can fire their weapons and give greater vigilance and
situational awareness than if they are closed up in the back. If artillery fire
is received, everyone buttons up and the dismount infantry "see" with
a large TV screen.
Both the 30mm and the Javelins can be
fired without risk of infantry in the back being harmed as the
"blind" BFV set-up has us now. We make the BFV, M113A3 and the Wiesel
2 or Bv206S as the baseline vehicles for the Army's new BCTs and equip them
with 30mm/Javelin turrets.
We replace all BFV turrets with
30mm/Javelin turrets to lighten the BFV from 33 tons to under 30-tons, lower
its silhouette, eliminate the need to man a "Gunner" position,
increase the space inside to carry a full 9-man squad instead of a crammed in
7. All while INCREASING firepower, survivability and returning the training
focus back to being infantry-centric where it should have been all along. With
the rear cargo hatch of the BFV open to give the dismount leaders real
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS not the
"do-as-you-are-told-you-are-inferior-beings-we-will-feed-you-tv-imagery-from-the-gunner's-camera-view"
garbage.
We need MECH infantry to not be
"slugs"; for without them and we try to fight "light" pure
we will get October 3, 1993 "Somalias" or 1943 "Cisternas".
If they hide out in their vehicles we will get 'Grozny". We can stop the
Mech infantry from being looked down upon by rewarding ALL U.S. Army Combat
Arms Soldiers their own Brown Beret upon completion of their AITs.
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/bberet.htm"
BETTER ARMOR PROTECTION
Despite being struck by an enemy rocket-propelled grenade, an Army Bradley
Fighting Vehicle brings supplies to "F" Troop, 4th U.S. Cavalry,
during a gun battle with insurgents south of Baqubah, Iraq, that lasted 12
hours. Original photo location:
www.armytimes.com/content/editorial/editart/061804front22.jpg
Notice that the ERA counter-explosion
was not some huge conflagration. This fear that infantry nearby would get hurt
from the ERA counter-explosion so we can't use ERA looks like a self-defeating
myth.
The Army through the capable Israeli
company RAFAEL is trying to apply ERA "icing" to the bogus Stryker
"cake" to excuse away some of its weaknesses. This will not enable
Stryker to not get stuck in mud or be easily mobility killed through its
air-filled rubber tires that easily burn. An enemy attacking Strykers/w-ERA
will simply employ counter-mobility devices to immobilize them if they try to
go off-road, use same devices on roads to stop the lead vehicles to create
catastrophic ambushes. Instead of attacking with RPGs, they'll save their
rockets and throw bottles of gasoline/oil with lit rags at the Stryker's many
rubber tires.
Iraqis torching wheeled truck convoy with bottles of fuel
The ugly question is why is ERA not on
M113 Gavins when years ago the RAND study concluded 60% coverage was possible
compared to just the 35% ERA coverage now on the BFVs that are lucky to have
ERA.
BFVs in Iraq have suffered preventable
casualties had adequate applique' armor and gunshields been fitted. One thing
that can be done quickly is fit external troop storage racks like the BFV above
has done to add a layer of protection to pre-detonate RPGs
without making BFVs any heavier.
The 1999 RAND study on reactive armor
shows that M113 Gavins can be more RPG/ATGM protected than BFVs because their
shape allows 60% coverage compared to only 30% coverage for the latter.
www.rand.org/publications/WP/WP119/
Yet, the Army's senior leaders refuse
to up-armor our winning tracked AFVs in favor of squandering $BILLIONS on
inferior, rubber-tired HMMWV and Stryker trucks or any sexy-to-them electronic
mental Tofflerian/RMA
gadgets that come along.
WHERE ARE THE BRADLEY SHIELDS?
On June 24, 2004, in Iraq, Captain
Chris Cash was riding in the turret top of a Bradley Fighting Vehicle which the
Army has neglected to fit shields for like its M113 Gavins can have fitted. An
enemy bullet hit him in the head and he died, leaving behind a wife and 2 sons.
We have known continually from Fort
Polk, JRTC and Fort Irwin, NTC force-on-force MILES laser tag war games that
crewmen in Bradleys, Abrams and Gavins can be killed from sniper's bullets if
not fitted with shields. The same applies to HMMWV trucks which after Somalia
received gun shield kits but the enemy just has to shoot through the weak body
of the vehicle and through its windows and doors to kill and maim. The Army's
tracked armored fighting vehicles (AFVs) with solid bodies could be made fully
RPG and roadside bomb resistant with multiple layers of armor and be operated
safely from open hatches to see outward and respond to the enemy first---if the
Army cared to upgrade them.
The good news is that manufacturers are
ready to make clear ballistic shields for BFVs (see computer drawing above).
Further investigation of this preventable tragedy reveals that clear ballistic
shields for Bradleys are available if the Army asks for them, but apparently
the Commanding General of Fort Benning--a man who goes by the strange name of
Freakley doesn't want to spend the estimated $3,000 per Bradley to save the
Soldiers who walk down the same corridors of Building 4 as he does daily; which
included at one time Chris Cash. The irony here that a good man and infantry
officer has died because one bureaucrat in the Army doesn't want to spend the
"cash" is not a "freak" occurrence. It would be even funny
if it were not that we have already lost dozens of real Soldiers to real
bullets while operating unshielded M2 Bradleys and M1 Abrams, medium and heavy
tanks. However, some people in our Army do not care about its tracked vehicles
or the men that use them and want to instead waste billions instead on
rubber-tired HMMWV and Strykers trucks that can never be adequately protected
or maneuverable enough on the non-linear battlefield where close-range combats
are the rule not the exception. They'd rather spend $3.3 million for each
Strykers truck that is hidden in a quiet place in Iraq than spend $3 thousand
dollars per Bradley, Abrams or Gavin to save heroes like Chris Cash who are
actually engaged in combat.
USING YOUR TAX DOLLARS WISELY?
We need VICTORY as we got in Panama by
an air-delivered MECH-LIGHT-ARMOR team, which is now weakoned by the
abandonment of the M551 Sheridan and M8 Buford Armored Gun
Systems. We still have M113A3s, we ought to use them. Instead of wasting money
on expensive $28-45 million dollar fighter jets useless in a close city fight,
(marines crash and burn a dozen a year), we should use the money to buy a
platoon of light, air droppable Buford tanks at $5 million each that
would last us for decades like the M551 Sheridans did. The M8 uses the
same engine as Army trucks and parts from other AFVs like the M113 Gavin
already in use so its adoption/field use would be inexpensive. We can easily
upgrade BFVs with smaller 1-man turrets and shields.
www.ausa.org/landwar/item/views/defense979.html
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/armored.htm
AIRBORNE!!!
REFERENCES (if you print this article
these will be visible)
_____________________________________________
Combat Lessons Learned
www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/20030912.asp
Unclassified After Action Report From
Iraq
September 12, 2003
24 APRIL 2003
SUBJECT: Operation Iraqi Freedom After
Action Review Comments
1. The purpose of this document is to
provide after action review comments after combat operations conducted by TM
C/3-15 Infantry, Task Force 1-64 Armor "Desert Rogues" during
"Operation Iraqi Freedom.
2. All comments will be broken down
into the following format: issue, discussion, and recommendation.
3. Doctrine/TTP's (Tactics, Techniques
and Procedures).
Issue: Current Urban Operations
Doctrine does not support operations conducted by this unit.
Discussion: The current doctrinal
manuals on Urban Operations do not address how best to utilize armored forces
in an urban environment. The enemy faced by this unit hid his tanks and
vehicles under camouflaged covers, beneath bridge overpasses, inside of
buildings on narrow streets, and under low trees. These enemy systems were not
seen until they were only meters away. No degree of IPB (Intelligence
Preparation of the Batlefield) could compensate, alert, or prepare any US force
for the massive numbers of RPGs (Rocket Propelled Grenades) stored in houses,
shacks, lockers, and cars. The only way to counter RPGs fired from covered and
concealed positions was to absorb the hit, identify the source of the fire, and
respond with massive overwhelming firepower.
Tanks and Bradleys repeatedly sustained
hits from RPG's and ground directed anti aircraft fire that dismounted
infantrymen, HMMWVs and other light skinned vehicles could not sustain.
Bradleys successfully protected the infantrymen inside while at the same time
delivering a massive volume of fire against dismounted enemy, trucks, tanks,
and armored vehicles. The firepower and shock generated by tanks and Bradleys
could never have been matched by dismounted infantry. Without the use of these
systems initially, the enemy would have caused many more casualties.
The current doctrine recommends
clearing the built up area with dismounted troops prior to any armored vehicles
entering. This Task Force proved that this is not a requirement and is not
necessarily the best initial course of action. By moving armored vehicles along
a pre determined route and destroying any enemy forces whether dug in, in
buildings, or on roof tops with massive overwhelming fires from M1A1 tanks and
M2A2 fighting vehicles, an entire line of communication can be opened up
allowing access not only into the built up area but through it also. Once the
line of communication is open, clearing operations with dismounted forces are
much easier. A key to this is the overwhelming psychological effect the
firepower of these weapon systems have on the enemy once the initial raid is
conducted, almost all remaining enemy forces will withdraw from the initial
shock. This initial shock of overwhelming firepower facilitates the attacks of
dismounted infantrymen into the built up area.
Recommendation: The BCT submit to the
United States Army Infantry School and the United States Armor School an update
to the current urban operations doctrine. Additionally,
send only vehicles that can sustain RPG hits into urban combat zones.
Issue: Problems arising from the
simultaneous conduct of SASO (Stability and Support Operations) and combat
operations in Iraq.
Discussion: After less than 48 hours
after the first battlefield engagement, members of this company team were
tasked to conduct checkpoint operations southwest of An Najaf. With no
training, soldiers were expected to search vehicles, interact with civilians
with no CA (Civil Affairs) or PSYOPS (Psychological Warfare) support, detain EPW's
(Enemy Prisoners of War), and confiscate weapons. Less than 48 hours after
this, the unit was again heavily engaged in combat operations. The radical and
swift change from combat operations to SASO and back to combat operations over
and over again causes many points of friction for the soldiers and their
leaders.
With the exception of a class given to
the platoon leaders, there were not formal classes or training conducted by CA
prior to the operation. No training on checkpoint operations or dealing with
civilians was received.
Material resources continued to be an
issue. The team brought extra CL IV on all vehicles in anticipation of having
to conduct blocking operations but the capability to haul the quantities
required by SASO was not there. Having emplaced checkpoints on four different
occasions, by the time the unit reached Baghdad, there was no remaining CL IV
(construction and barrier materials). The unit was in desperate need of
materials for force protection. It took weeks for materials to arrive; in the
meantime the unit utilized destroyed cars, flower posts, bicycle racks, and
whatever else was available for force protection.
Interpreters were not available to the
company team at any point during the operation. These interpreters are critical
to the team's ability to interact with civilians, discern their problems, and
broadcast friendly unit intentions. Often times the unit had crowds and upset
civilians to deal with and absolutely no way to verbally communicate with them.
Lack of information from higher
headquarters greatly complicated the task of converting from high intensity
conflict to SASO. Weeks after occupying Baghdad in force, the unit is still
unable to direct the civilian populace to humanitarian agencies other than the
Red Crescent. We have no way to direct people to places to receive food and
water, to search for loved ones, to located deceased personnel. The unit did
not have the ability to answer any questions simply because of the
unsynchronized and unplanned operations of the Civil Affairs community and
other non-governmental organizations.
The problem with the switching from
combat to SASO is the impact on the soldiers and leaders of the unit.
Transitioning from combat to SASO requires a substantial and fundamental shift
in attitude. The Soldiers have been asked to go from killing the enemy to
protecting and interacting, and back to killing again. The constant shift in
mental posture greatly complicates things for the average Soldier. The Soldiers
are blurred and confused about the rules of engagement, which continues to
raise questions, and issues about force protection while at checkpoints and
conducting patrols. How does the soldier know exactly what the rule of
engagement is? Soldiers who have just conducted combat against dark skinned
personnel wearing civilian clothes have difficulty trusting dark skinned
personnel wearing civilian clothes.
Recommendation:
A. Integrate SASO training into the
unit METL (MISSION-ESSENTIAL TASK LIST). This was has provided ample instances
where units are conducting both combat and stability operations at the same
time. Thus, we should no longer expect to be able to compartmentalize ourselves
as either "war fighter: or "peacekeeper". With the ever-present
threat of terrorist attack, it is critical that soldiers know the correct
tactics, techniques, and procedures for providing security while also enforcing
peace.
B. Heavy duty CL IV materials are
required for blocking positions and should be maintained at the task force or
BCT level. Lift and freight assets need to be responsive and capable of
delivering reinforcing materials in short order.
C. Civil Affairs, pysops, and interpreters
must be integrated at the company team level. Every checkpoint must have an
interpreter and these interpreters must be with the company team throughout the
operation as it is impossible to predict when you may be required to fight or
keep the peace.
D. Improved information flow and the
quicker establishment of Civil Military Operations Centers. Units occupying
positions in built up areas make frequent contact with civilians. Information
and a centralized theme must be passed to the company team level as quickly as
possible to ensure the proper message is being sent to the populace, and in
turn, input from the populace is reaching the highest levels. The company team
level is the level where the interaction with the populace occurs.
E. We must train our leaders and
Soldiers in the conduct of SASO operations. Leaders must be sensitive to the
flux between war fighting and peacekeeping and the demands of each not only on
the unit but the individual. We owe it to our soldiers to train them on the
differences. It is the responsibility of leaders to ensure PVT Plunger and PVT
Snuffy know what the proper posture or attitude is and to enforce it.
Issue: The employment of Hunter Killer
teams.
Discussion: This unit, while conducting
combat operations, had great success through the utilization of hunter killer
teams. The combination of scouts with LRASS (Long-Range Advanced Scout
Surveillance System) and tanks and fighting vehicles proved invaluable at the
detection and destruction of enemy vehicles and dismounted infiltration
attempts.
By locating a scout section with LRASS,
which could observe out to 10,000m, at a location that had maximum observation,
the scouts, could provide real time intelligence and 10 digit grid locations to
the company team enabling the company team to move to and engage with direct
fires and/or utilize mortar fires to destroy enemy forces. This proved to be a
great TTP (Tactics, Techniques and Procedures) while at OBJ RAMS, An Najaf, and
while blocking on HWY 1.
Recommendation: Doctrine be published
based upon the success of the task force operations utilizing hunters and
killers, specifically, integrating scouts, infantry, and armor forces into an
effective organization which can identify, assess, and destroy the enemy.
4. Training
Issue: Urban Operations Training for
armor forces
Discussion: The armor platoon attached
to this CO/TM was fortunate enough to receive UO (Urban Operations) training
prior to operations in Iraq. They learned valuable lessons such as firing from
the GAS sight at extremely close ranges, entering a battle sight range of 300m
while in urban environments for the main gun, and decentralizing the location
of CL I (food), water, and CL III(P) (fuel) on the tank in order to protect
from losing all supplies due to a single hit or building strike. They learned
to keep their tanks out of intersections and to scan the upper stories of
buildings and rooftops for enemy forces. They practiced transporting infantry
and coordinating direct fires with dismounted forces. These and other TTPs gave
the platoon the confidence and experience required when attacks to Baghdad and
raids south on HWY 8 were conducted.
Recommendation: All armor platoons
should be trained and integrated into urban operations training. Although the
tactics trained may not have been executed, the lessons learned regarding load
plans, fire control system adjustments, fire patterns, and scanning
responsibilities were instrumental to the platoon's success. Every effort
should be made to teach these lessons prior to combat.
Tank platoons should also train with a
dismounted squad under the control of a tank platoon leader. At a battle
position in Baghdad, 3/A/1-64 AR was attached a weapons squad from an infantry
platoon. These Soldiers were critical to the platoon's defense. They were tied
in between two tanks along a dismounted avenue of approach. It was composed of
a heavy tree line and thick vegetation that closed to within 50 meters of the
platoon's position. The squad repelled an RPG team's attempt to infiltrate the
platoon BP and also cleared seven bunkers full of weapons and ammunition. These
feats could not have been accomplished without the task organized infantry
squad.
Issue: Machine gun engagement training
for loaders.
Discussion: Thanks to numerous live
fire opportunities, the armor platoon loaders were all experienced in firing
the loader's M240 machine gun prior to operations in Iraq. When battle came,
these soldiers comfortably understood the behavior of their weapons system and
were able to place effective, deadly fire on the enemy. There was a dramatic
improvement in their performance from the first time they fired their machine
guns in training to the use of the weapons in combat.
Recommendation: Incorporate a loader's
engagement into Tank Table VIII scenarios. This will compel units to train
loaders on their weapon system and give loaders invaluable experience and
opportunities to refine their techniques. This unit was fortunate enough to
have the time and ammunition to learn these skills on their own; others may not
have that luxury.
5. Equipment.
Issue: The lack of adequate armor on
the flanks of Bradley and Tank turrets and hulls.
Discussion: Enemy fire from recoilless
rifles and RPGs was able to penetrate fuel cells, turrets, and ammunition
compartments at ranges of less then 200m. Penetrations in tanks occurred in
armor behind the number six skirt and in the turret armor at the rear corners
of the turret.
The Task Force was not issued reactive
armor for the Bradley Fighting Vehicle even though it is available in the Army
system. This armor would have prevented the 4 direct penetrating hits from RPG
rounds received by fighting vehicles in the task force.
As a result of not being issued
reactive armor, both Bradley and tank crews had to "create" their own
armor through the use of rucksacks, water boxes, MRE's, etc. All of which
helped but were still penetrated by the RPG and recoilless rifle rounds.
Recommendation: Issue reactive armor to
all available vehicles to prevent penetration by AT systems. Ballistic skirts
should be fitted along the entire flank of vehicles going into urban combat.
Reactive armor on the turret flanks and the turret top would protect the crew
from anti tank weapons fired from rooftops as well as ground level.
The armor packages need to be modular
and configured so that the crew or organizational mechanics can apply or remove
the armor.
This armor is currently available for
the M2A2 but needs to be made available for the M1A1 and the M113 series
vehicle for the conduct of combat in urban operations.
Issue: Lack of a Bradley CDR
(commander) weapon system.
Discussion: During the conduct of urban
operations by this unit, due to limited visibility within the turret and the
threat encountered not only from the front but from both flanks of the
vehicles, Bradley commanders were required to expose themselves outside of the
turret in order to acquire enemy forces, to control movement, and protect their
own vehicles. As a result of this, most BC's adapted to this and began to keep
M231 port firing weapons and "bags of hand grenades" on top of their
turrets in order to defeat enemy forces in close proximity to their vehicle or
enemy forces on the side opposite of gun tube orientation.
Recommendation: A M240 machine gun
similar to that mounted on the M1A1 tank for loaders, be mounted on the M2
Bradley Commander's Turret. This would enable the BC to defend his vehicle from
threats opposite of the gun tube and also in close proximity to the vehicle.
BC's would no longer be required to keep their personal weapons or hand
grenades on top of the turret in order to repel enemy attacks.
Issue: Effective communication between
tanks and dismounted Infantry.
Discussion: On several occasions,
infantry squads were attached to the armor platoon in the CO/TM to provide
additional security at checkpoints/blocking positions and to defend dismounted
avenues of approach at battle positions. The tanks were forced to utilize
Motorola "talkabout" radios to communicate with the squad. This was
problematic for several reasons: 1. Lack of net security, 2.
"Talkabout" radios are not integrated into the tank internal
communication system, 3. Lack, or prohibition of "talkabout" radios
in theater. This is the same problem encountered by infantry platoons due to
the lack of dismountable frequency hop capable radios at the platoon level.
Recommendation: Issue PRC148, frequency
hop capable radios, to all infantry squads or give each tank platoon an extra
dismountable SINCGARS radio. TA1 phones mounted externally to the tank proved
to be inadequate. They were unreliable and lacked the flexibility to
successfully move with the infantry as they left their holes and cleared
bunkers.
Issue: Loaders exposed to enemy machine
gun fire at close range in urban operations combat.
Discussion: Loaders played a critical
role in identifying, suppressing, and destroying enemy infantry, vehicles, and
RPG teams on the flanks of their vehicles down alleys and behind buildings as
we advanced in column along roads. The observation and suppression abilities of
loaders are critical to the success of the tank and the unit and compel them to
stay outside the loader's hatch. However, the only protection for loaders
against enemy small arms fire came from the spall vests and effective
suppression of the enemy. Had enemy fire been more accurate or intense, many
loaders would have been killed or wounded.
Recommendation: Develop and employ an
armor plate that attaches to the loader's M240 machine gun mount and covers the
vital areas of the loader's body. It should be easy to add or remove quickly
(within seconds) in order to facilitate the expedient closure of the loader's
hatch. It must be capable of stopping 7.62mm fire.
Issue: Need for more effective anti
personnel capability for the M1A1.
Discussion: The majority of enemy
forces faced were dismounted infantrymen. They could be effectively engaged and
destroyed by 7.62 and .50 CAL fire. This, however, took time, and forced
loaders and tank commanders to repeatedly expose themselves to reload under
close combat. These small arms also hindered the fast clearing of fields of
fire in thick vegetation.
Recommendation: Develop and field 120mm
anti personnel munitions for the M1A1. The additional shock and firepower of
anti personnel main gun rounds such as white phosphorous and
"beehive" would have facilitated the quicker destruction of the enemy
and the collapse of his will to fight. Due to burning or shotgun like effects,
these rounds also bring about the quick exposure of camouflaged enemy
positions. This, in turn, translates, into safer conditions and fewer US
casualties.
Issue: The lack of proper night vision
equipment and target acquisition systems.
Discussion: Elements of this unit
consistently hesitated to engage and destroy enemy forces due to caution and
the inability to clearly identify the enemy in daylight, thermal, and passive
night vision sights. The Army's current policy of outfitting light units with
the newest night vision technology, specifically passive night vision, is
seriously flawed as demonstrated during this conflict. The PVS 7As currently
utilized by most members of the company team proved all but worthless. The
light units simply followed the heavy units which reinforces the need for the
mechanized and heavy units to have the newest in night fighting equipment as
heavy units are much more versatile than light units ever dreamed of being.
Several vehicles crashed into berms and wadis due to the lack of proper night
vision equipment. GPS and TIS sights could not provide positive identification
of small arms, RPG's, or mortars beyond 800m, thus making it impossible to
determine enemy activity or presence on vehicles without closing range or aid
from scout vehicles.
Recommendation: At a minimum, upgrade
the thermal sights on the M1A1 tank and M2A2 Bradley. Provide the most up to
date passive night vision to heavy units, even if it means taking it from the
"premier" light units who in fact followed this unit throughout Iraq.
It would be ideal to see 3rd generation FLIR, CITVs, and fourth generation
passive night vision.
6. Manning.
Issue: Three 9-man squads vs. two 9-man
squads and a 9-man weapons squad.
Discussion: While conducting multiple
dismounted operations, the ability to commit two maneuver squads and still
retain the flexibility to maintain an adequate suppressive fire platform from
the ground was very critical to the success of this unit in combat operations.
Having the weapons squad in its entirety, to deploy and maintain an
overwhelming amount of firepower, under the control of one competent squad
leader, enabled the two maneuver squads to execute their assigned tasks with
all nine of their soldiers. This allowed for the training conducted to be
executed in the same manner. Through repetition, the squads were very
proficient in the execution of room/building clearing. This allowed the squad
leader and the platoon leader to concentrate on the clearing of the building.
Recommendation: The two 9 man rifle
squads and one-man weapon squad should replace the current three 9-man squad
concept. The current doctrine has one soldier qualified on three weapon
systems, depending on the environment of the operation. This concept does not
provide for the loss of one of those personnel. The composition of the weapon
squad should be as follows: 1 SSG squad leader, 3 M240B machine gunners, 3
M240B assistant gunners, and 2 Javelin AT gunners.
7. Logistics.
Issue: CL IX (spare parts) parts flow
throughout the operation was non-existent.
Discussion: Throughout the conduct of
combat operations, the only CL IX parts available were those brought forward by
the task force or those, which were cannibalized off of destroyed or damaged
vehicles. This made maintenance operations difficult if not impossible for long
periods of time.
Recommendation: A CL IX package
specific to the unit be loaded onto vehicles which have the capability to move
forward with the speed of the combat units and the ability to mount weapon
systems in order to expedite the movement of parts forward to the war fighter
and the UMCP. Without this capability, the unit loses combat power critical to
the conduct of the fight or stability operations.
8. Maneuver.
They learned valuable lessons such as
firing from the GAS sight at extremely close ranges, entering a battle sight
range of 300m while in urban environments for the main gun, and decentralizing
the location of CL I, water, and CL III(P) on the tank in order to protect from
losing all supplies due to a single hit or building strike. They learned to
keep their tanks out of intersections and to scan the upper stories of
buildings and rooftops for enemy forces. They practiced transporting infantry
and coordinating direct fires with dismounted forces. These and other TTPs gave
the platoon the confidence and experience required when attacks to Baghdad and
raids south on HWY 8 were conducted.
Recommendation: All armor platoons
should be trained and integrated into urban operations training. Although the
tactics trained may not have been executed, the lessons learned regarding load
plans, fire control system adjustments, fire patterns, and scanning
responsibilities were instrumental to the platoon's success. Every effort
should be made to teach these lessons prior to combat.
Tank platoons should also train with a
dismounted squad under the control of a tank platoon leader. At a battle
position in Baghdad, 3/A/1-64 AR was attached a weapons squad from an infantry
platoon. These soldiers were critical to the platoon's defense. They were tied
in between two tanks along a dismounted avenue of approach. It was composed of
a heavy tree line and thick vegetation that closed to within 50 meters of the
platoon's position. The squad repelled and RPG team's attempt to infiltrate the
platoon BP and also cleared seven bunkers full of weapons and ammunition. These
feats could not have been accomplished without the task organized infantry
squad.
Issue: Machine gun engagement training
for loaders.
Discussion: Thanks to numerous live
fire opportunities, the armor platoon loaders were all experienced in firing
the loader's M240 machine gun prior to operations in Iraq. When battle came,
these Soldiers comfortably understood the behavior of their weapons system and
were able to place effective, deadly fire on the enemy. There was a dramatic
improvement in their performance from the first time they fired their machine
guns in training to the use of the weapons in combat.
Recommendation: Incorporate a loader's
engagement into Tank Table VIII scenarios. This will compel units to train
loaders on their weapon system and give loaders invaluable experience and
opportunities to refine their techniques. This unit was fortunate enough to
have the time and ammunition to learn these skills on their own; others may not
have that luxury.
Issue: Attack aviation support was
non-existent from LD throughout the entire combat operation.
Discussion: Throughout "OIF"
from the crossing of the line of departure to the cessation of hostilities in
Baghdad, the task force did not have any attack aviation support. As the
brigade and division main effort, attack aviation should have been available at
all times during combat operations or when enemy contact was likely. As it was,
the aviators were not willing to fly to support the troops on the ground.
Recommendation: The method in which
commander's plan to employ attack aviation as a combat
multiplier needs to be reviewed. Currently, commanders and staffs rely too
much on attack aviation being a combat multiplier when conduct combat ratios,
when as in this fight, it is discovered to be unreliable or non-existent.
Commanders and staffs must plan primarily for each fight without the support of
"attack" aviation as the aviators are unreliable at best.
Issue: Special operations forces
brought absolutely nothing to the fight during the conduct of combat operations
but wanted support during SASO operations.
Discussion: Throughout this operation,
special operations forces brought no information, which was of any value to the
unit. In fact, never at one time did this unit have any special operations
forces forward in zone or along an axis of attack providing critical
information or intelligence. In fact, the situation was just the opposite. The
special operations forces, hid or moved behind the protection of armored forces
throughout the operation. This became especially evident during the transition
from hostilities to SASO as this unit was tasked at least daily to provide
either a QRF or transport to special operations forces into areas of the city
to meet contacts or conduct "snatches".
Recommendation: Conventional ground
commanders, the backbone of the army, cannot expect to receive any timely
information from special operations forces during combat operations such as
those experienced by this unit during "OIF". Additionally, the United
States Army should review its current doctrine or lack of doctrine reference
the integration of SOF and armor and mechanized infantry forces.
Leadership
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/5265/M113A3.htm
FM 23-24 Dragon ATGM manual
http://155.217.58.58/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/23-24/toc.htm
Somalia firefight
www3.phillynews.com/packages/somalia/dec11/default11.asp
Fix infantry AIT
www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/2116/fixait.htm
Aircraft wastage